➀ Terahertz radiation faces challenges in generating strong, continuous signals, with existing diode chains suffering from uneven electromagnetic field distribution;

➁ Researchers designed an asymmetric C-shaped diode chain to reshape electromagnetic fields, achieving a frequency-doubling efficiency of 38% and over 300 mW output at 170 GHz;

➂ This innovation enables compact terahertz transmitters for advanced imaging, sensing, and communication systems.

➀ Traditional X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) alters lithium battery anode protective layers during measurement, leading to inaccurate data;

➁ Stanford researchers developed cryo-XPS, freezing samples at −200°C to preserve the layer's natural state, revealing discrepancies in prior findings;

➂ This method provides accurate insights into battery interface chemistry, challenging past design assumptions and guiding future electrolyte development.